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Dayfa Khatun
Dayfa Khatun ((アラビア語:ضيفة خاتون)) was the regent ruler of Aleppo from 1237 to 1244 during the reign of her grandson an-Nasir Yusuf. She achieved an unprecedented measure of autonomous political influence, becoming the first Ayyubid female regent, (the second being Shajar al-Durr of Egypt) and played a major role in architectural patronage in Aleppo, being responsible for the construction of the Firdaws Madrasa.〔Ruggles,D. Fairchild, ed., Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies, SUNY Press, 2000 p.18.〕
==Marriage and Regency==
Dayfa, the daughter of al-Adil, was married to Saladin's son az-Zahir Ghazi in 1212. Ghazi requested her hand in marriage to end the conflict between him and al-Adil.〔Humphreys, R. S., From Saladin to the Mongols, The Ayyubids of Damascus 1183-1260, SUNY Press 1977 p.155〕 When she arrived in Aleppo, she was greeted by a great ceremony and received by Ghazi, his emirs, and local notables. Ibn Wasil wrote "When she entered al-Malik az-Zahir (Ghazi ), he arose and took several steps towards her and showed her great respect." Her marriage was instrumental in the unification and maintenance of the Ayyubid empire.〔Ruggles,D. Fairchild, ed., Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies, SUNY Press, 2000 p.21.〕
Dayfa's status grew more important when she gave birth to al-Aziz Muhammad, Ghazi's son and heir to throne of Aleppo. Not much about her is recorded for the remainder of Ghazi's rule which ended when he died in 1216 or Muhammad's reign which ended when he died in 1236.〔Ruggles,D. Fairchild, ed., Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies, SUNY Press, 2000 p.21.〕 Dayfa Khatun is famous for building the Khanqah al-Farafira, the monastic centre of sufism in the city of Aleppo.
With the death of her son, Dayfa Khatun came to play a prominent role. Her grandson An-Nasir Yusuf was only seven years old, so a council of regency was formed, consisting of Shams ad-Din Lu'lu' al-Amini, Izz ad-Din Umar al-Majalli, the vizier Jamal ad-Din al-Qifti ad her own slave Jamal ad-Dawla Iqbal az-Zahiri.〔Humphreys, R. S., From Saladin to the Mongols, The Ayyubids of Damascus 1183-1260, SUNY Press 1977 p.229〕 The latter acted as her secretary and deputy to the regency council.〔Ruggles,D. Fairchild, ed., Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies, SUNY Press, 2000 p.21.〕 All decisions of the regency council had to be approved by her, and her signature was affixed to all documents it issued.〔Humphreys, R. S., From Saladin to the Mongols, The Ayyubids of Damascus 1183-1260, SUNY Press 1977 p.229〕 During her regency Aleppo was threatened from many directions by powerful neighbours, but contemporary writer all attest to her diplomatic skills in keeping Aleppo free from conflict. After her death, Aleppo's diplomatic position was never as strong vis a vis its neighbours as it was under her rule.〔Humphreys, R. Stephen, Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age, University of California Press 1999, p.206〕
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